Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the Arab states of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1908)

The research dealt with the conditions of the Ottoman state after Sultan Abdul Hamid II assumed power and his policy in managing the state and declaring the constitution, the situation of the Arab countries of the Ottoman Empire and the position of the Sultan towards it, as well as the manifestations of Arab national consciousness through the emergence of many associations, magazines and newspapers calling for equality, freedom and independence after the end of the rule Sultan Abdul Hamid and recognizing the federations, and recognition of the Arabic language an official language in the Arab countries of the Ottoman Empire