Varied female and male courtship behavior facilitated the evolution of a novel sexual signal

Sexual selection can contribute to speciation when signals and preferences expressed during mate choice are coupled within groups, but come to differ across groups (generating assortative mating). When new sexual signals evolve, it is important to investigate their roles in both mate location and courtship contexts, as both signaling functions are critical in mate choice. In previous work, researchers identified two new male morphs (silent and purring) in Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. These morphs likely evolved because they protect males from an acoustically orienting parasitoid, yet still obtain some reproductive success. But, it remains unknown how purring morphs function in close courtship encounters. We compared the relative success of the very recently evolved purring morph to that of the ancestral and silent morphs during courtship encounters. Purring males produce a novel courtship song and were not as successful in courtship as the ancestral type, but were mounted by females as often and as quickly as the obligately silent morph that arose and spread ~20 years ago. Purring males initiate courtship more quickly than other morphs, and females from populations where purring is common exhibit higher overall mounting rates. Thus, differences in the behavior of purring males and of females from populations where purring is common may have facilitated the origin of this novel sexual signal. We found no assortative mating between males of a given morph and females from their own population, and so we hypothesize that multiple male types will be maintained within the species because each achieves fitness in different ways.Here is the summary of column names and if there are NA values. male_morph: the morph of the male cricket (typical, purring, or silent). typical males are from Hilo, purring males are from Kalaupapa, and silent males are from Wailua female_population: the population of the female (Hilo, Kalaupapa, or Wailua) male_pronotum and female_pronotum: the measurement (to the nearest 0.01mm) of the plate-like structure covering the thorax, a standard proxy for body size, for male and female crickets female_age: the number of days between the female's final molt (eclosion) and her trial latency_strid_sec: the number of seconds from the start of the trial to when the male began stridulating. there are some NA values in a few trials where females mounted the male without him stridulating mount: TRUE if the female mounted the male, FALSE if she did not latency_to_mount: the number of seconds from the male stridulating to the female mounting. there are NA values if the female did not mount the male female_aggression: TRUE if the female displayed aggression towards the male, FALSE if she did not male_consistent_courting: TRUE if the male courted the female for more than 50% of the trial, FALSE if he courted for less than 50% of the trialFunding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001Award Number: IOS-1846520Funding provided by: University of DenverCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009938Award Number: Funding provided by: American Philosophical SocietyCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001461Award Number:We collected Pacific field cricket eggs from three locations in the field (Hilo, Kalaupapa, and Wailua) and established lab colonies for each. We reared the crickets until adulthood, isolating virgin females individually upon their final molt (eclosion). To avoid the indiscriminate mate preferences that sometimes occurs in virgin female crickets, we mated females with males from the same population exactly twice before using them in a focal courtship trial. In our focal courtship trials, we paired males and females from each population in a fully factorial design. Generally, males from Hilo are typical (producing the ancestral song), males from Kalaupapa are purring (recently evolved novel song that sounds like a cat's purr), and males from Wailua are silent (producing no song). These different song types are referred to as "morphs", and they are listed under the column "male_morph". Males were pulled from the stock population. Though females do not have morphs, they are grouped based on their population and are listed under the column "female_population". We calculated the females age by counting the number of days between her eclosion date and her courtship trial date ("female_age" column). We measured cricket pronotums using Vernier digital calipers to the nearest 0.01mm and these are listed under the "male_pronotum" and "female_pronotum" columns. We measured the amount of time from the start of the trial until the male stridulated, or rubbed his wings together (which produces sound in typical and purring males—silent males also stridulate but do not produce sound), recorded in seconds as "latency_strid_sec". In the "mount" column we denote TRUE if the female mounted the male within 10 minutes after he stridulated and FALSE if she did not. The "latency_to_mount_sec" column is the amount of time in seconds between stridulation and mounting (calculated after the end of the trial). If we noticed female aggression towards the male, we denoted TRUE in the "female_aggression" column, and if the male courted for more than 50% of the trial, we denoted TRUE in the "male_consistent_courting" column. Following data collection, we cleaned our dataset by removing trials where the male did not stridulate (unless the female still mounted) and fixing any errors, such as typos or unusable trials (for example, one in which the male appeared to die and the female began to eat him). We also removed trials if the male morph, as determined by our ear, did not fit the majority morph for the population (typical from Hilo, purring from Kalaupapa, and silent from Wailua) because we wanted to represent one morph per population