Data from: Genetic, maternal, and environmental influences on sociality in a pedigreed primate population

Various aspects of sociality in mammals (e.g., dyadic connectedness) are linked with measures of biological fitness (e.g., longevity). How within- and between-individual variation in relevant social traits arises in uncontrolled wild populations is challenging to determine but is crucial for understanding constraints on the evolution of sociality. We use an advanced statistical method, known as the 'animal model', which incorporates pedigree information, to look at social, genetic, and environmental influences on sociality in a long-lived wild primate. We leverage a longitudinal database spanning 20 years of observation on individually recognized white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator), with a multi-generational pedigree. We analyze two measures of spatial association, using repeat sampling of 376 individuals (mean: 53.5 months per subject, range: 6-185 months per subject). Conditioned on the effects of age, sex, group size, seasonality , and El Niño–Southern Oscillation phases, we show low to moderate long-term repeatability (across years) of the proportion of time spent social (posterior mode [95% Highest Posterior Density interval]: 0.207 [0.169, 0.265]) and of average number of partners (0.144 [0.113, 0.181]) (latent scale). Most of this long-term repeatability could be explained by modest heritability (h2social: 0.152 [0.094, 0.207]; h2partners: 0.113 [0.076, 0.149]) with small long-term maternal effects (m2social: 0.000 [0.000, 0.045]; m2partners: 0.000 [0.000, 0.041]). Our models capture the majority of variance in our behavioral traits, with much of the variance explained by temporally changing factors, such as group of residence, highlighting potential limits to the evolvability of our trait due to social and environmental constraints.RFunding provided by: Alexander von Humboldt-StiftungCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156Award Number: Funding provided by: Universität BielefeldCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005721Award Number: Funding provided by: Max-Planck-GesellschaftCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004189Award Number: Funding provided by: University of California, Los AngelesCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007185Award Number: Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001Award Number: BCS- 1638428, 0613226, 0848360, 687 1232371, 1919649Funding provided by: Leakey FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005966Award Number: 2006-0592, 2008-2262, 2011-2644, 2012-0195, 2015-2777Funding provided by: Wenner-Gren FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001388Award Number: 443831Funding provided by: International Society for Human Ethology*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: Funding provided by: National Geographic SocietyCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006363Award Number: 7968-06, 8671-09, 2011-3909Funding provided by: Templeton World Charity FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011730Award Number: 0208Funding provided by: Wild Capuchin Foundation*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number