Dental microwear texture reflects dietary tendencies in extant Lepidosauria despite their limited use of oral food processing

Lepidosauria show a large diversity in dietary adaptations, both among extant and extinct tetrapods. Unlike mammals, Lepidosauria do not engage in sophisticated mastication of their food and most species have continuous tooth replacement, further reducing the wear of individual teeth. However, dietary tendency estimation of extinct lepidosaurs usually rely on tooth shape and body size, which allows only for broad distinction between faunivores and herbivores. Microscopic wear features on teeth have long been successfully applied to reconstruct the diet of mammals and allow for subtle discrimination of feeding strategies and food abrasiveness. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first detailed analysis of dental microwear texture on extant lepidosaurs using a combination of 46 surface texture parameters to establish a framework for dietary tendency estimation of fossil reptilian taxa. We measured dental surface textures of 77 specimens, belonging to herbivorous, algaevorous, frugivorous, carnivorous, ovivorous, insectivorous, molluscivorous, as well as omnivorous species. Carnivores show low density and shallow depth of furrows, whereas frugivores are characterized by the highest density of furrows. Molluscivores show the deepest wear features and highest roughness, herbivores have lower surface roughness and shallower furrows compared to insectivores and omnivores, which overlap in all parameters. Our study shows that despite short food–tooth interaction, dental surface texture parameters enable discrimination of several feeding strategies in lepidosaurs. This result opens new research avenues to assess diet in a broad variety of extant and extinct non-mammalian taxa including dinosaurs and early synapsids