The phantom chorus: birdsong boosts human well-being in protected areas

Spending time in nature is known to benefit human health and well-being, but evidence is mixed as to whether biodiversity or perceptions of biodiversity contribute to these benefits. Perhaps more importantly, little is known about the sensory modalities by which humans perceive biodiversity and obtain benefits from their interactions with nature. Here, we used a "phantom bird song chorus" consisting of hidden speakers to experimentally increase audible birdsong biodiversity during "on" and "off" (i.e., ambient conditions) blocks on two trails to study the role of audition in biodiversity perception and self-reported well-being among hikers. Hikers exposed to the phantom chorus reported higher levels of restorative effects compared to those that experienced ambient conditions on both trails; however, increased restorative effects were directly linked to the phantom chorus on one trail and indirectly linked to the phantom chorus on the other trail through perceptions of avian biodiversity. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence linking mental health to nature experiences and suggest that audition is an important modality by which natural environments confer restorative effects. Finally, our results suggest that maintaining or improving natural soundscapes within protected areas may be an important component to maximizing human experiences.Three datasets and associated ReadMe files are included in this submission: 1) Survey responses from hikers. 2) Data reflecting bird species richness without the phantom chorus, plus bird species richness with the inclusion of those used in the phantom chorus. 3) Hourly sound level data (L50, A-weighted dB). Ninty-two hourly sound level values from Gregory Canyon were removed from the original dataset because recording units had different settings, and thus were not directly comparable to the others. Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001Award Number: 1414171Funding provided by: Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: Funding provided by: National Park Service Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: Funding provided by: Boulder Open Space and Mountain ParksCrossref Funder Registry ID: Funding provided by: National Park Service Natural Sounds and Night Skies DivisionCrossref Funder Registry ID:This study took place in Boulder Open-Space and Mountain Parks, Boulder, Colorado. Data collection included: visitor surveys, point counts of birds and acoustic recordings to capture ambient sound levels