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Plant surfaces host a diverse array of microbial communities that wield significant influence over host health and overall forest productivity. Despite this recognition, our comprehension of the mechanisms governing the maintenance of phyllosphere microbial diversity in natural settings remains notably deficient when compared to our understanding of belowground microbiomes. The intricate interplay of biotic and abiotic factors on the phyllosphere microbial response, particularly within Castanopsis eyrei - a prevalent subtropical tree species - remains an enigma. This knowledge gap hampers our insights into C. eyrei 's growth dynamics and its pivotal role as a major constituent of subtropical forest ecosystems, often likened to the significant role played by oak trees. In this study, we gathered leaves from C. eyrei spanning various ages, drawing from a forest dynamics plot located in Mt. Huangshan. Through the application of full-length amplified sequences targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS regions, we meticulously investigated the phyllosphere microbiota intricately linked with C. eyrei trees. We found that the surface of C. eyrei were rich in fungal diversity, with Teratosphaeriaceae, Trimorphomycetaceae, and Bulleribasidiaceae as the main families of fungi. Bacteria are dominated by Beijerinckiaceae, Isosphaeraceae, and Acidobacteriaceae. Habitat, rather than host age, was the main factor affecting phyllosphere fungi and pathogens. Linear mixed-effects modelling results indicated that there was a negative correlation between C. eyrei biomass and phyllosphere pathogens. In conclusion, our study's outcomes not only underscore the ecological significance of habitat in shaping phyllosphere microbial diversity but also point towards the interplay between host traits and fungal and bacterial diversity maintenance.