After the passing of the old Gaelic order following the Flight of the Earls, the Ulster Plantation and the Cromwellian settlement, the sense of identity of the people took refuge in the folk tunes and the new music which originated in the 17th century. These songs sometimes reflected contradictory aspirations like the rights of man as distinct from the rights of the people, or the land-hunger as more powerful than the desire for freedom. Pernicious in so far as they glorified death, war and martyrdom for « the Cause », the Irish songs reminded the people of their distinctive cultural inheritance and helped to keep alive a tradition of freedom, a sense of national community and a deep respect for human rights which is largely positive.Après ...