Calcareous nannofossil biohorizons of ODP Leg 167 sites

Selected calcareous nannofossils were investigated by means of quantitative and semiquantitative methods in middle Miocene to Pleistocene sediments from the California margin (Pacific Ocean) recovered during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 167. The goal of the work was to provide detailed dating and correlations of the successions recovered that span a wide latitudinal transect (from 29°N to 40°N) affected by strongly variable ecological conditions. The standard zonations are not easily applied in these sediments; hence, additional biohorizons have been adopted that are useful in the area. Specifically, the reliability of 50 biohorizons has been evaluated by considering their mode of occurrence, ranking, and spacing. For the Pleistocene interval, the following six biohorizons are considered reliable: last occurrence (LO) of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa, first occurrence (FO) of Gephyrocapsa sp. 3, LO and FO of large Gephyrocapsa, FO of Gephyrocapsa oceanica s.l., and LO of Reticulofenestra asanoi. The acme end (AE) of small Gephyrocapsa spp. and the LOs of Helicosphaera sellii and Calcidiscus macintyrei do not seem to be reliable in the study area. For the Pliocene interval, the following nine biohorizons are considered reliable: LO of Discoaster pentaradiatus, LO of Discoaster surculus, LO of Discoaster tamalis, LO and first common and continuous occurrence (FCO) of Discoaster asymmetricus, paracme beginning (PB) and paracme end (PE) of Discoaster pentaradiatus, LO of Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus, and LO of Amaurolithus delicatus. The LOs of Discoaster brouweri and Discoaster triradiatus and the FCO of P. lacunosa seem to be moderately reliable. For the late Miocene interval, the following eight biohorizons are considered reliable: LO of Discoaster quinqueramus, PB and PE of R. pseudoumbilicus, FO of Amaurolithus primus, FO and LO of Minylitha convallis, LO of Catinaster calyculus, and FO of Catinaster spp. Sediments of middle Miocene age were recovered only at low-latitude Site 1010. Therefore, the reliability of the six biohorizons identified (Discoaster kugleri FO and LO, Calcidiscus macintyrei FO, Cyclicargolithus floridanus last common and continuous occurrence [LCO], Calcidiscus premacintyrei LO, and Sphenolithus heteromorphus LO) cannot be fully evaluated. These events have been correlated with the global chronostratigraphic scale and calibrated to the geomagnetic polarity time scale. This integrated time frame has been used for dating the successions recovered during Leg 167. The biozones proposed for the Pleistocene seem to be valid globally, and they are proposed as an alternative to the standard zonation