NEUROMOTOR DEVELOPMENT FROM BIRTH TO INDEPENDENT WALKING OF THE CHILD

Neuromotorički razvoj progresivan je proces stjecanja motoričkih, psihičkih (kognitivni, jezični, emocionalni) i socijalnih vještina. Predvidiv je i stupnjevit, slijedi određenu pravilnost u kronološkom pogledu. Normalni neuromotorički razvoj uključuje dozvoljene vremenske raspone unutar kojih dijete stječe određene motoričke, psihičke i socijalne vještine. Miljokazi razvoja (ključni događaji, kameni temeljci, milestones) označavaju vrijeme kada dijete treba neku vještinu učiniti. Najbolji su markeri razvojnih procesa kojima pratimo razvoj djece. Neuromotorički razvoj djeteta nakon rođenja pratimo kroz promatranje djeteta u leđnom i potrbušnom položaju, u fazama vertikalizacije i kretanja u prostoru. Odstupanje i kašnjenje od urednog razvoja u djece najčešće je posljedica oštećenja mozga. Brojni prenatalni, perinatalni i postnatalni faktori rizika mogu izazvati oštećenje mozga u razvoju. Neurorizična djeca su ona koja su bila izložena faktorima rizika. Rani pokazatelji stanja nezrelog mozga su spontani pokreti fetusa koje zovemo „general movements“ (GMs). Pojavljuju se u 9. tjednu trudnoće, a postepeno nestaju u dobi od 3. do 4. mjeseca starosti dojenčeta kada prelaze u voljnu-svjesnu motoriku. U svakoj dobi GMs se prezentiraju određenom složenošću, raznolikošću i finoćom prijelaza pokreta. Kvaliteta navedenih parametara klasificira GMs u normalne optimalne, normalne suboptimalne, blago abnormalne, jasno abnormalne pokrete. Svako dijete je jedinstveno na svoj način i razvija se prema svom ritmu unutar fizioloških okvira. Razlike u neuromotoričkom razvoju među djecom prisutne su zbog genetskih, kulturoloških, socijalnih, okolinskih i drugih čimbenika. Poznavanje urednog rasta i razvoja djece preduvjet je pravovremenog prepoznavanja odstupanja i kašnjenja od urednog neuromotoričkog razvoja.Neuromotor development is a progressive process of acquiring motor, psychological (cognitive, linguistic, emotional), and social skills. It is predictable, gradual, and follows a certain regularity in chronological terms. Normal neuromotor development includes permitted time spans within which the child acquires certain motor, psychological and social skills. Milestones of development (key events, cornerstones) mark the time when a child needs to acquire a certain skill. They are the best markers of developmental processes used for monitoring children\u27s development. Child\u27s neuromotor development is monitored after birth by observing the child in the supine and prone position, in the phases of verticalization and movement in space. Deviation and delay in proper child development are most often the result of brain damage. Numerous prenatal, perinatal and postnatal risk factors can cause damage to the developing brain. Neurorisk children are those who have been exposed to risk factors. Early indicators of the immature brain are the spontaneous movements of the fetus, which are called "general movements" (GMs). They appear in the 9th week of pregnancy and gradually disappear when the infant is 3 to 4 months old and then they switch to voluntary-conscious motor skills. At each age, GMs are presented with a certain complexity, variety, and finesse of movement transitions. The quality of the mentioned parameters classifies GMs into normal optimal, normal suboptimal, slightly abnormal, and clearly abnormal movements. Each child is unique in its own way and develops according to its own rhythm within physiological frameworks. Differences in neuromotor development among children are present due to genetic, cultural, social, environmental, and other factors. The key to recognizing the deviations and delays from proper neuromotor development is knowing the proper growth and development of children