Simultaneous neutron and X-ray tomography for ex-situ 3D visualization of graphite anode degradation in extremely fast-charged lithium-ion batteries.

Extreme fast charging (XFC) of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in ≤10-15 minutes will significantly advance the deployment of electric vehicles globally. However, XFC leads to considerable capacity fade, mainly due to graphite anode degradation. Non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) investigation of XFC-cycled anodes is crucial to connect degradation with capacity loss. Here, we demonstrate the viability of simultaneous neutron and X-ray tomography (NeXT) for ex-situ 3D visualization of graphite anode degradation. NeXT is advantageous because of the sensitivity of neutrons to Li and H and X-rays to Cu. We combine the neutron and X-ray tomography with micron resolution for material identification and segmentation on one pristine and one XFC-cycled graphite anode, thereby underscoring the benefits of the simultaneous nature of NeXT. Our ex-situ results pave the way for the design of NeXT-friendly LIB geometries that will allow operando and/or in-situ 3D visualization of graphite anode degradation during XFC