Novel Single-Trace ML Profiling Attacks on NIST 3 Round candidate Dilithium

Dilithium is a lattice-based digital signature, one of the finalist candidates in the NIST\u27s standardization process for post-quantum cryptography. In this paper, we propose a first side-channel attack on the process of signature generation of Dilithium. During the Dilithium signature generation process, we used NTT encryption single-trace for machine learning-based profiling attacks. In addition, it is possible to attack masked Dilithium using sparse multiplication. The proposed method is shown through experiments that all key values can be exposed 100% through a single-trace regardless of the optimization level