Fish diversity decline in the lower Gangetic plains: a victim of multiple stressors

Analysis of long-term data provides a valuable approach to determining the extent of biodiversity decline and likely causes, but such approaches are rare in large tropical rivers. We investigated the response of the fish fauna to hydrological, climate and anthropogenic factors over the period 1982–2017 in the lower Ganges (Padma) River, Bangladesh. Systematic effort-based sampling of fish between 2007 and 2017 from a 70-km reach showed a decreasing trend in abundance and diversity. Compared to 1982 data for the same sites and fishing methods, 28 fish species, including 16 nationally threatened ones, were absent in recent catches, suggesting local extinction of these. Fish community diversity was negatively affected by fishing pressure (71 fishermen in 1980, 2616 in 2019, 37.8-fold increase) and non-native species abundance (6.8-fold increase in abundance between 2007 and 2017). Permanent water area has reduced by ~ 50% since 1984. Annual mean rainfall, Ganges water depth and river discharge at the study location decreased significantly since 1980 (by 19.2%, 17.8% and 27.6% respectively, while annual air temperature increased (25.1 °C in 1981 to 26.2 °C in 2019). Water diversion at the Farakka Barrage, ~ 70 km upstream, is partially responsible for reductions in permanent water area in the study reach. Potential sources of biological invasion and water pollution have been identified. Widespread ecological consequences on fish diversity and productivity, resulting from multiple factors, are occurring in the lower Ganges. Reduction of fisheries impacts and improved prevention of accidental aquaculture releases of non-native fishes are identified as conservation priorities for arresting the decline of native fishes in the lower Ganges