Direct volumetric blood flow measurement in coronary arteries by thermodilution

Objectives This study sought to validate a new method for direct volumetric blood flow measurement in coronary arteries in animals and in conscious humans during cardiac catheterization. Background Direct volumetric measurement of blood flow in selective coronary arteries would be useful for studying the coronary circulation. Methods Based on the principle of thermodilution with continuous low-rate infusion of saline at room temperature, we designed an instrumental setup for direct flow measurement during cardiac catheterization. A 2.8-F infusion catheter and a standard 0.014-inch sensor-tipped pressure/temperature guidewire were used to calculate absolute flow (Qthermo) in a coronary artery from the infusion rate of saline, temperature of the saline at the tip of the infusion catheter, and distal blood temperature during infusion. The method was tested over a wide range of flow rates in 5 chronically instrumented dogs and in 35 patients referred for physiological assessment of a coronary stenosis or for percutaneous coronary intervention. Results Thermodilution-derived flow corresponded well with true flow (Q) in all dogs (Qthermo = 0.73 Q + 42 ml/min; R2 = 0.72). Reproducibility was excellent (Qthermo,1 = 0.96 × Qthermo,2 + 3 ml/min; R2 = 0.89). The measurements were independent of infusion rate and sensor position as predicted by theory. In the humans, a good agreement was found between increase of thermodilution-derived volumetric blood flow after percutaneous coronary intervention and increase of fractional flow reserve (R2 = 0.84); reproducibility of the measurements was excellent (Qthermo,1 = 1.0 Qthermo,2 + 0.9 ml/min, R2 = 0.97), and the measurements were independent of infusion rate and sensor position. Conclusions Using a suitable infusion catheter and a 0.014-inch sensor-tipped guidewire for measurement of coronary pressure and temperature, volumetric blood flow can be directly measured in selective coronary arteries during cardiac catheterization. Direct Volumetric Blood Flow Measurement in Coronary Arteries by Thermodilution Wilbert Aarnoudse, Marcel van’t Veer, Nico H. J. Pijls, Joost ter Woorst, Steven Vercauteren, Pim Tonino, Maartje Geven, Marcel Rutten, Eduard van Hagen, Bernard de Bruyne, Frans van de Vosse A new method for volumetric measurement of coronary flow by continuous infusion of saline and thermodilution was tested during cardiac catheterization in 5 dogs and in 35 patients. The results were compared with absolute blood flow, as measured by a perivascular flow probe in the dogs or predicted by fractional flow reserve in the humans. A good agreement between both measurements was obtained both in animals and humans, reproducibility was excellent, and the results were not dependent on infusion rate of saline or sensor position. Thus, direct measurement of blood flow in select coronary arteries can be performed during cardiac catheterization. Abbreviations: FFR, fractional flow reserve; FFRcor, coronary fractional flow reserve; FFRmyo, myocardial fractional flow reserve; Pa, aortic pressure (mm Hg) measured by the guiding catheter; Pd, distal coronary pressure (mm Hg) measured by the pressure wire; Pw, coronary wedge pressure (mm Hg) measured by the pressure wire during balloon occlusion of the coronary artery; Q, absolute coronary blood flow (ml/min) measured by the perivascular flow probe; Qb, theoretical value of absolute coronary blood flow during saline infusion; Qi, volumetric infusion rate of saline (ml/min); Qthermo, volumetric coronary blood flow (ml/min) calculated by thermodilution; T, temperature of blood (°C) in the coronary artery at steady-state saline infusion; Tb, temperature of blood (°C) in the coronary artery before start of saline infusion; Ti, temperature of the infused saline (°C) when entering the coronary artery at the tip of the infusion cathete