6.16 - Promoted Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is the conversion of synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, into a broad range of hydrocarbon products, including olefins, paraffins and oxygenates. The process is essentially a polymerization reaction involving the stepwise coupling of C1 monomeric units that are generated in situ from CO and H2. Careful design of catalyst and process parameters allows for selectivity control and the production of a versatile range of fuels and chemicals. In this chapter, a brief historical overview will be given, from the early discoveries of Frans Fischer and Hans Tropsch up to present day state-of-the-art commercial processes. Features of catalyst structure, preparation and performance will be discussed in detail and followed by a contemporary overview of the kinetic mechanism and structure-sensitivity of the reaction. These mechanistic insights provide the basis for a “smart design” approach to next generation catalysts. Concepts for tuning selectively to high-value chemicals, such as olefins and higher alcohols, will be discussed and the chapter will conclude with a brief outlook on the future role of FTS in a post-fossil fuel world.