Ageing-aware charging of lithium-ion batteries using an electrochemistry-based model with capacity-loss side reactions

In this paper, we utilize a Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model including capacity-loss side reactions to present a model-based design method for multi-stage charging protocols. This design method allows making a trade-off between charging time and battery ageing in a more systematic way. The results are leveraged by a highly efficient implementation of the DFN model, that has a short computation time. We show that by obtaining the Pareto front that describes the optimal trade-off between charging time and battery ageing for a single cycle, the results can be extended to the lifetime of the battery. Finally we show that the negative electrode over-potential is not always a good indicator for ageing, and that ageing will occur even when the battery operates in over-potential regions that are considered to not lead to ageing.