Copepods encounter rates from a model of escape jump behaviour in turbulence

A key ecological parameter for planktonic copepod studies is their encounter rates within the same population as well as with other species. The encounter rate is partly determined by copepod's swimming behaviour and is strongly influenced by turbulence of the surrounding environment. A distinctive feature of copepods' motility is their ability to perform quick displacements, often termed jumps, by means of powerful swimming strokes. Such a reaction has been associated to an escape behaviour from flow disturbances due to predators or other external signals. In the present study, we investigate the encounter rates of copepods of the same species in a developed turbulent flow with intensities comparable to those encountered in their natural habitat. This is done by means of a Lagrangian copepod (LC) model that mimics the jump escape reaction behaviour from localized high-deformation rate fluctuations in the turbulent flows. Our analysis shows that the encounter rate for copepods of typical perception radius of ∼, where is the dissipative scale of turbulence, can be increased by a factor up to ∼102 compared to that experienced by passively transported fluid tracers of the same size. Furthermore, we address the effect of a minimal waiting time between consecutive jumps. It is shown that any encounter-rate enhancement is lost if such time goes beyond the dissipative time-scale of turbulence, Because typically in the ocean ∼1mm and, ∼1s, this provides stringent constraints on the turbulent-driven enhancement of contact-rate due to a purely mechanical induced escape reaction. The implications of our results in the context of copepod ecology copepods are discussed.