Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability of carbon supported Pt-M (Co, Ni, Cu) alloys : influence of particle size and non-noble metals

Carbon supported platinum and platinum alloys (PtCo, PtNi and PtCu) for PEMFC cathodes were prepared and studied for their oxygen reduction reaction activity and durability under potential cycling at 80 °C in 0.5 M HClO4. Catalysts with different metal alloy composition and particle size were synthesized by annealing at different temperatures to discriminate between the effects of alloying and particle size on the electrocatalytic activity and durability. XRD was used for the structural characterization of pristine catalysts, while the bulk compositions were analyzed by EDS before and after durability tests. XPS was employed to determine the surface composition of selected alloys after durability tests. The particle size of the fresh and aged catalysts was determined by TEM. Rapid dealloying, particularly from non-noble metal rich alloys, was already witnessed for the alloys potentially cycled at room temperature. Significant particle growth depending on the initial particle size was observed for both Pt and Pt alloys after the durability tests. For the alloys with similar initial particle size, the initial electrocatalytic activity depends on the initial alloy composition. Although a 3-fold enhancement in the ORR activity was observed for the non-noble metal rich alloys after initial dealloying, the specific activity of Pt and Pt alloys becomes quite similar at the end of the durability tests. Annealing of Pt/C and Pt alloys at 950 °C results in catalysts with the highest specific and mass activity and with the highest stability