Russia implemented two major monetary policies during the 1990s. They both had the objectives of fighting inflation and increasing financial discipline in the economy. These two policies, because they were restrictive, worsened the financial crisis. On the one hand, they dried up the flow of cash for most enterprises and thus forced banks to provide firms with funds. On the other hand, firms reacted to tight monetary policies by pursuing strategies of alternative financing, which gradually drove the ruble out of economic circuits. These strategies, which took monetary and non monetary forms, in turn worsened the banking crisis, as public and private deficits were ever harder to finance. To limit the effects of all this, monetary authorities...