Ecotoxicological Assessment of Polluted Soils One Year after the Application of Different Soil Remediation Techniques

This research was funded by the project RTI 2018-094327-B-I00 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and by the project E-RNM-444-UGR20 (Operating Research Program FEDER 2014- 2020). The APC was funded by E-RNM-444-UGR20.The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/toxics11040298/s1, Table S1: Guideline values (mg/kg) to declare a soil as potentially polluted by legislations of different countries [51–54,90]The present work evaluated the influence of eight different soil remediation techniques, based on the use of residual materials (gypsum, marble, vermicompost) on the reduction in metal(loid)s toxicity (Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Cd) in a polluted natural area. Selected remediation treatments were applied in a field exposed to real conditions and they were evaluated one year after the application. More specifically, five ecotoxicological tests were carried out using different organisms on either the solid or the aqueous (leachate) fraction of the amended soils. Likewise, the main soil properties and the total, water-soluble and bioavailable metal fractions were determined to evaluate their influence on soil toxicity. According to the toxicity bioassays performed, the response of organisms to the treatments differed depending on whether the solid or the aqueous fraction was used. Our results highlighted that the use of a single bioassay may not be sufficient as an indicator of toxicity pathways to select soil remediation methods, so that the joint determination of metal availability and ecotoxicological response will be determinant for the correct establishment of any remediation technique carried out under natural conditions. Our results indicated that, of the different treatments used, the best technique for the remediation of metal(loid)s toxicity was the addition of marble sludge with vermicompost.Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN) Spanish Government RTI 2018-094327-B-I00Operating Research Program FEDER 2014-2020 E-RNM-444-UGR2