Effects of probiotics supplementation on blood pressure: An umbrella meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

−0.79, p < 0.001, and SMD = −0.60 mmHg; 95% CI: −1.08, −0.12, p = 0.014) following probiotics supplementation. Greater effects on SBP were revealed in trials with a mean age of >50 years and the duration of intervention ≤10 weeks. DBP was also more reduced in studies with a dosage of ≥1010 colony forming unit (CFU), and SBP was decreased in patients with hypertension or diabetes analyzing WMD. Conclusion: The present umbrella meta-analysis suggests probiotics supplementation to improve BP and claims that probiotics could be used as a complementary therapy for controlling high BP. Prospero ID: CRD42022306560. © 2022 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II Universit