Lofting of low-speed ejecta produced in the DART experiment and production of a dust cloud

NASA sent the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission to impact Dimorphos, the satellite of the asteroid binary system (65803) Didymos. DART will release LICIACube prior to impact to obtain high-resolution post-impact images. The impact will produce a crater and a large amount of material ejected at high speed (several tens of m s−1), producing an ejecta cone that will quickly disperse. We analysed an additional effect: the lofting of material at low velocity due to the generation of seismic waves that propagate inside Dimorphos, producing surface shaking far from the impact point. We divide the process into different stages: from the generation of impact-induced waves, the interaction of them with surface particles, the ejection of dust particles at velocities, and the prediction of the observability of the dust coma and trail. We anticipate the following observable effects: (i) generation of a dust cloud that will produce a hazy appearance of Dimorphos’ surface, detectable by LICIACube; (ii) brightness increase of the binary system due to enhancement of the cross-section produced by the dust cloud; (iii) generation of a dust trail, similar to those observed in some Active Asteroids, which can last for several weeks after impact. Numerical prediction of the detectability of these effects depends on the amount and size distribution of ejected particles, which are largely unknown. In case these effects are observable, an inversion method can be applied to compute the amount of ejected material and its velocity distribution, and discuss the relevance of the shaking process.GT and BD acknowledge financial support from project FCE-1-2019-1-156451 of the Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación ANII (Uruguay). The ESyS simulations were run in the ClusterUY (Centro Nacional de Supercomputación de Uruguay; https://www.cluster.uy/). ACB and PYL acknowledge funding by the SU-SPACE-23-SEC-2019 EC-H2020 NEO-MAPP project (GA 870377). ACB also acknowledges funding by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación RTI2018-099464-B-I00 project. FM acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). FM also acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Plan Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofísica LEONIDAS project RTI2018-095330-B-100, and project P18-RT-1854 from Junta de Andalucía