V-LoTSS: The circularly polarised LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey

Callingham JR, Shimwell TW, Vedantham HK, et al. V-LoTSS: The circularly polarised LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey. Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A) . 2023;670: A124.We present the detection of 68 sources from the most sensitive radio survey in circular polarisation conducted to date. We used the second data release of the 144 MHz LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey to produce circularly polarised maps with a median noise of 140 mu Jy beam(-1) and resolution of 20 '' for asymptotic to 27% of the northern sky (5634 deg(2)). The leakage of total intensity into circular polarisation is measured to be asymptotic to 0.06%, and our survey is complete at flux densities >= 1 mJy. A detection is considered reliable when the circularly polarised fraction exceeds 1%. We find the population of circularly polarised sources is composed of four distinct classes: stellar systems, pulsars, active galactic nuclei, and sources unidentified in the literature. The stellar systems can be further separated into chromospherically active stars, M dwarfs, and brown dwarfs. Based on the circularly polarised fraction and lack of an optical counterpart, we show it is possible to infer whether the unidentified sources are likely unknown pulsars or brown dwarfs. By the completion of this survey of the northern sky, we expect to detect 300 +/- 100 circularly polarised sources