Energy efficiency in modern programming languages.

Energy efficiency is a matter of importance that gets more apparent with every passing day. As we move towards more refined and advanced programming languages and structures where we premiere increases in productivity and ease of use, we rarely consider the implication this has on energy consumption. To investigate the energy consumption of higher-order programming languages benchmarking was done in three different programming languages: C, Java, and Kotlin. Seven different algorithms were used sourced from the Rosetta Code chrestomathy, which tested element manipulation and pure calculation. Measurements of energy consumption and runtime were gathered and analyzed to conclude that higher-order languages are more energy-consuming. This could be attributed to the fact that the higher level of abstraction and the just-in-time compilation approach of Java and Kotlin leads to more overhead and inefficient use of energy