Chromium removal from aqueous solution using natural clinoptilolite

This work investigates the applicability of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, as a low-cost adsorbent for removing chromium from aqueous solutions using fixed bed studies. To improve its removal performance for the inorganic pollutant, the adsorbent is pretreated with NaCl to prepare it in the homoionic form of Na+ before undertaking ion exchange with Cr3+ in aqueous solution. This work also evaluates if treated effluents could meet the required effluent discharge standard set by legislation for the target pollutant. To sustain its cost-effectiveness for wastewater treatment, the spent adsorbent is regenerated with NaOH. It was found that the clinoptilolite treated with NaCl has a two-times higher Cr adsorption capacity (4.5 mg/g) than the as-received clinoptilolite (2.2 mg/g). Pretreatment of the clinoptilolite with NaCl enabled it to treat more bed volume (BV) (64 BV) at a breakthrough point of 0.5 mg/L of Cr concentration and achieve a longer breakthrough time (1500 min) for the first run, as compared to as-received clinoptilolite (32 BV; 250 min). This suggests that pretreatment of clinoptilolite with NaCl rendered it in the homoionic form of Na+. Although pretreated clinoptilolite could treat the Cr wastewater at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L, its treated effluents were still unable to meet the required Cr limit of less than 0.05 mg/L set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Published versionThis work received Research Grants No. Q.J130000.21A6.00P14 and No. Q.J130000.3809. 22H07 from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)