Synergistic use of gradient flipping and phase prediction for inline electron holography

Inline holography in the transmission electron microscope is a versatile technique which provides real-space phase information that can be used for the correction of imaging aberrations, as well as for measuring electric and magnetic fields and strain distributions. It is able to recover high-spatial-frequency contributions of the phase effectively but suffers from the weak transfer of low-spatial-frequency information, as well as from incoherent scattering. Here, we combine gradient flipping and phase prediction in an iterative flux-preserving focal series reconstruction algorithm with incoherent background subtraction that gives extensive access to the missing low spatial frequencies. A procedure for optimizing the reconstruction parameters is presented, and results from Fe-filled C nanospheres, and MgO cubes are compared with phase images obtained using off-axis holography.Published versionOpen Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This article was funded by Horizon 2020 Frame- work Programme (823717)C.T.K. thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaf (DFG, German Research Foundation—project numbers 182087777—SFB 951 and KO 2911/12-1) for fnancial support. Te research leading to these results received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant No. 823717, project “ESTEEM3”)