王艮儒家身体观探析 = The study of body ideas in Wang Gen’s confucian thought

从儒家身体观来看，在道德与身体对峙的状况下，殉身选择道德是主流的思想。先秦时期有孟子的“舍身取义”，宋儒朱熹对孔子所说的“杀身成仁”解释为“不是自家计较成仁方死，只是见得此事生为不安，死为安，便自杀身” ；一方面为了解除成仁就唯得殉身的误读，另一方面是同意当“仁”与“身”只能选一时，就得杀身成仁。但，明儒王艮却提出了“明哲保身”，与之前儒家身体观截然不同。基于以上儒家身体观分歧的情况，本文将探讨王艮的身体观，并为王艮的思想在儒思想中定位。关于儒家身体观的研究，可划分出三大论域：一为儒家体知观念的提出，以杜维明为代表；二为儒家身体类型学之梳理，以杨儒宾 为代表；三为儒家身体政治与社会论之厘定，以黄俊杰 为代表 。杜维明先生从“感性”、“理性”、“智性”和“神性”展示“体知”的义蕴，并认定体知的根本特征在于“受用”、“变化气质”，体知是一种“即了解即转化的行为”（knowing as a transformative act) 。杜维明的分析为以后的研究定下基本的框架。杨儒宾先生扩大杜维明先生的论域，追溯儒家身体观的源流，梳理各种身体观的原型，也进一步讨论道德意识透过形气如何展示于身体的工夫论 ，但研究对象偏重于先秦儒家。黄俊杰先生从社会与政治角度，讨论儒家身体观，因此仅限社会与政治层面，未能全面探讨儒家身体观丰富的涵义。本文会细读王艮代表性的诸多原典与语录，如：《明哲保身论》、《鳅鳝赋》等，梳理其中身体观的重要概念，然后将其中的思想放到儒身体观的思想体系中见其继承与转向。为此，本文将分成四个部分：（一）追溯王艮身体观的思想背景、（二）探讨王艮身体观的思想逻辑、（三）分析王艮“格物”说与身体观的关系与（四）王艮独特身体观的局限。The Confucian tradition states that in a situation when one has to choose between morality and body, it is common for one to sacrifice the body in exchange to be a moral person. During the Pre-Qin period, Confucius, Mencius advocated the sacrificing one’s body to be a moral person. During the Song period, Zhuxi supported the idea advocated by Confucius and Mencius and annotated the teachings of Confucius to clear the common misunderstanding of Confucius teachings. However, during the Ming period, Wang Gen raised the idea of “明哲保身”, differing greatly from the viewpoint in the Confucian tradition. With this in mind, my essay intends to explore the study of body in Wang Gen’s school of thoughts. The study of body in the Confucian tradition can be divided into 3 respective areas: firstly, it is headed by Du Wei-ming ( 杜维明) with the concept of phenomenological knowing “体知”; secondly, it is represented by Yang Ru-bin’s (杨儒宾) research in differentiating types of method of study for the body; thirdly, it is expounded by Huang Jun-jie’s（黄俊杰） definition of body from the socio-politics perspective. Du Wei-ming explained the concept of phenomenological knowing with other concepts like . By pointing out phenomenological knowing as a transformative act, he laid down the foundation of future researches. Yang Ru-bin built on Du Wei-ming’s area of research by tracing the historical developments of the study of body in Confucian tradition, thereby classifying different methods to study the body. Huang Jun-jie discussed about the study of body in Confucian tradition from the socio-politic perspective. My essay has its focus on the various works of Wang Gen. By picking out key concepts relevant to the study of body in the Confucian tradition. For which, my essay will be divided in to four parts: (1) to explore the background of Wang Gen’s study of the body, (2) to explore the logic behind Wang Gen’s school of thoughts in his study of body, (3) to analyse the relationship between Wang Gen’s investigation of things（格物） and his study of body and (4) to discuss the limitations of Wang Gen’s school of thoughts in his study of body.Bachelor of Art