A 0.4-V, 0.138-fJ/cycle single-phase-clocking redundant-transition-free 24T flip-flop with change-sensing scheme in 40-nm CMOS

This paper presents an extremely low-voltage and low-power single-phase-clocking redundant-transition-free flip-flop (FF), named change-sensing FF (CSFF). By utilizing a local change-sensing scheme for eliminating redundant transitions of internal clocked nodes, CSFF does not consume any dynamic power when there is no data activity. Measurement results from a test chip fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology show that CSFF saves up to 90% power dissipation at 5% data activity without additional transistors compared to the conventional transmission-gate FF (TGFF). CSFF consumes only 0.138 fJ/cycle, which is 84% lower than that of TGFF, at 0.4 V and 10% activity. In addition to the significant improvement in power and energy efficiencies, CSFF also enhances performance and minimum operating voltage. The test chip measurement demonstrates successful operations of CSFF down to 0.19 V and the delay improvement of 37% compared to TGFF in the supply voltage range of 0.4-1 V