Masculinities and animal harm

This paper explores the role of masculinities in animal harm and conceptions on the Masculinities Offender; primarily motivated by power and masculine behaviors. Within 'masculinities crimes' exercise of power allied to sport or entertainment; linked to organized crime and gambling is significant. Masculinities crimes also include elements of cruelty or animal abuse and perceptions by offenders of their actions having cultural significance and where toughness, masculinity and smartness combine with a love of excitement. Examples include badger digging and badger baiting, and cock-fighting, and other crimes involving the ‘sporting’ killing or taking of wildlife. This article explores masculinities offender rationalizations and associated masculinity-based negative attitudes towards animals and animal harm. The public policy response to masculinities crimes reflects acceptance of the violent nature of offenders. Yet arguably enforcement and punishment through use of surveillance activities and undercover operations and reliance on prison as the primary deterrent/sanction risks being counter-productive and reinforcing the very masculinities that underlie offending behaviour