The author analyzes the development of political conscienciousness which expresses itself in new ways especially from 1780 on and after the crisis brought on by the war with England. In their project for a restoration of the constitution, the patriots were looking for new forms of collective participation. They brought the bourgeois town militias back into existence and created new ones on the basis of clubs. An armed society was formed under the banner Pro Patria et Libertate; at first it was a military association and then became a political one, it opened its doors to women and made attempts at educating the press and the reading clubs. In Utrecht the political society Concordia was a good example of the vitality of this movement which a...