A cell‐penetrating CD40‐TRAF2,3 blocking peptide diminishes inflammation and neuronal loss after ischemia/reperfusion

While the administration of anti-CD154 mAbs in mice validated the CD40-CD154 pathway as a target against inflammatory disorders, this approach caused thromboembolism in humans (unrelated to CD40 inhibition) and is expected to predispose to opportunistic infections. There is a need for alternative approaches to inhibit CD40 that avoid these complications. CD40 signals through TRAF2,3 and TRAF6-binding sites. Given that CD40-TRAF6 is the pathway that stimulates responses key for cell-mediated immunity against opportunistic pathogens, we examined the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of CD40-TRAF2,3 signaling. We used a model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced retinopathy, a CD40-driven inflammatory disorder. Intravitreal administration of a cell-penetrating CD40-TRAF2,3 blocking peptide impaired ICAM-1 upregulation in retinal endothelial cells and CXCL1 upregulation in endothelial and Müller cells. The peptide reduced leukocyte infiltration, upregulation of NOS2/COX-2/TNF-α/IL-1β, and ameliorated neuronal loss, effects that mimic those observed after I/R in Cd40-/- mice. While a cell-penetrating CD40-TRAF6 blocking peptide also diminished I/R-induced inflammation, this peptide (but not the CD40-TRAF2,3 blocking peptide) impaired control of the opportunistic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii in the retina. Thus, inhibition of the CD40-TRAF2,3 pathway is a novel and potent approach to reduce CD40-induced inflammation, while likely diminishing the risk of opportunistic infections that would otherwise accompany CD40 inhibition