Imaging deep-mantle plumbing beneath La Réunion and Comores hot spots: Vertical plume conduits and horizontal ponding zones

Whether the two large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) at the base of Earth's mantle are wide compact structures extending thousands of kilometers upward or bundles of distinct mantle plumes is the subject of debate. Full waveform shear wave tomography of the deep mantle beneath the Indian Ocean highlights the presence of several separate broad low-velocity conduits anchored at the core-mantle boundary in the eastern part of the African LLSVP, most clearly beneath La Réunion and Comores hot spots. The deep plumbing system beneath these hot spots may also include alternating vertical conduits and horizontal ponding zones, from 1000-km depth to the top of the asthenosphere, reminiscent of dyke and sills in crustal volcanic systems, albeit at a whole-mantle scale