Eu`s policy approach to renewable energy and its definition

OVE so zelo pomembni za našo prihodnost, saj so neomejeni, se neprestano obnavljajo in imajo manjši vpliv na okolje kot pridobivanje električne energije iz fosilnih goriv. Z obnovljivimi viri se želi nadomestiti neobnovljive vire - fosilna goriva, ki imajo veliko negativnih učinkov. Obnovljivi viri, ki so opredeljeni v različnih uredbah in direktivah, v EU najpomembnejši Direktivi 2018/2001, zajemajo sončno energijo, vetrno energijo, geotermalno energijo, energijo okolice, energijo plimovanja, valovanja in drugo energijo oceanov, vodno energijo ter iz biomase, deponijskega plina, plina, pridobljenega z napravami za čiščenje odplak, in bioplina. V definicije OVE v različnih evropskih pravnih aktih ves čas spadajo podobni viri energije in se definicija veliko ne spreminja, medtem ko globalni primerjalno pravni vidik razkrije precej neenotno definiranje obnovljivih virov. Onesnaževanje narave oziroma okolja in podnebne spremembe sta že dolgotrajni problem, zato se sprejema veliko pravnih aktov na tem področju, da bi se to v čim večji meri ublažilo. V ta namen sta bila na globalni mednarodnopravni ravni med drugim sprejeta Kjotski protokol in Pariški sporazum. PDEU kot temeljna pogodba ustavnega prava EU vključuje tudi določbe glede OVE. EU sprejema veliko pravnih aktov na tem področju, saj želi s pomočjo OVE doseči cilje, da bo do leta 2050 postala podnebno nevtralna celina in da bo do leta 2030 dosegla 45 % deleža OVE. OVE so iz tega vidika zelo pomembni, saj nam pomagajo doseči takšne cilje. V okviru svežnja »Pripravljeni na 55« se želi doseči cilj v EU, da do leta 2030 zmanjšamo neto emisije toplogrednih plinov za vsaj 55 % v primerjavi s stanjem neto emisij iz leta 1990. Sicer se EU ves čas na področju energetike srečuje z različnimi vprašanji, kot so na primer odvisnost EU od uvoza, visokih nestabilnih cen energije, z vprašanji razogljičenja ter vedno večjimi vplivi na okolje. To se je sedaj zelo pokazalo, kot odraz vojne med Rusijo in Ukrajino. Ugotovili smo namreč, da smo z nabavo fosilnih goriv zelo odvisni od Rusije. Zaradi trenutne situacije je EU stopila skupaj in začela iskati hitre rešitve, da bi postali v čim večji meri samostojni in da bi začeli reševati podnebno krizo. V okviru tega se je sprejel »REPowerEU« načrt, ki zaradi preoblikovanja energetskega trga spodbuja in še v večji meri uvaja OVE. Trenutne razmere so pripeljale do situacije, zaradi katere se bo lahko oblikovala nova definicija OVE. EK je v okviru Uredbe 2020/852 pristojna, da lahko sprejema delegirane akte. Leta 2021 je EK sprejela Delegirano uredbo 2021/2139 ter zaradi sprememb in dopolnitev, je leta 2022 bila sprejeta Delegirana uredba 2022/1214, ki spreminja prejšnjo Delegirano uredbo 2021/2139. Nova uredba v taksonomijo EU, torej v sistem razvrščanja v posamezne gospodarske dejavnosti, ki prispevajo k podnebnim in energetskim ciljem kot prehodni dejavnosti uvršča tudi jedrsko energijo in zemeljski plin. EK meni, da jedrska energija pripomore k razogljičenju in da zemeljski plin v primerjavi z ostalimi fosilnimi gorivi tudi onesnažuje v manjši meri. Pričakuje se, da bi s tem lahko dosegli cilje in postali podnebno nevtralni do leta 2050, vendar je v tej zvezi še precej neznank in negotovosti. Kot pričakovano so se na prej navedeno odločitev DČ glede uporabe jedrske energije odzvale z različnimi mnenji. Avstrija je že vložila tožbo, da bi se delegirani akt razveljavil. Slovenija kot DČ EU sprejema v svoj pravni sistem vse pravne akte EU. Na področju energetike je tudi Slovenija morala narediti korak naprej in vključiti večjo uporabo OVE. Najpomembnejši zakon trenutno v veljavi je ZSROVE, ki ureja OVE v Sloveniji. Tudi pri nas imamo podobno definicijo, kot je opredeljena s pravom EU, prav tako pa tudi pri nas OVE odpirajo nekatera politična in pravna vprašanja, na katere ni enostavnih odgovorov v smislu črno-belo.Renewable energy sources are very important for our future because they are unlimited, continuously renewable and have a low negative impact on the environment. Renewable energy is intended to replace non-renewable resources - fossil fuels - which have many negative impacts. Renewable energy is defined in various regulations and directives, and in the most relevant directive for us, Directive 2018/2001, it is defined as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ambient energy, tide, wave and other ocean energy, hydropower, and biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plants gas and biogas. Environmental pollution and climate change have been a long-standing problem, and many legal acts are being adopted in this area to mitigate this as much as possible, hence the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. The TFEU, as the fundamental treaty of EU law, also includes provisions on RES. The EU is adopting many legal acts in this area as it aims to achieve its targets through RES to become a climate neutral continent by 2050 and to reach a share of 45% of RES in final energy consumption by 2030. From this point of view, RES are therefore very important in helping us to achieve our targets. The definitions of RES in the different legal acts include similar energy sources and the definition does not change much. “Fit for 55 package” aims to achieve the EU target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to the level of gas emissions in year 1990. The EU is constantly confronted with various issues in the field of energy, such as the EU\u27s dependence on imports, high and volatile energy prices, decarbonisation, and the increasing impact on the environment. This is now very much in evidence, as a reflection of the war between Russia and Ukraine. We have found out that we are very dependent on fossil fuels for our purchase. The current situation has led the EU to come together and start looking for quick solutions to make us more self-reliant and to start tackling the climate crisis. In this context, the REPowerEU plan was adopted to promote and further increase the uptake of RES in the context of the energy market transformation. The current situation has led to a situation where a new definition of RES may be developed. The Commission has the power to adopt delegated acts under Regulation 2020/852. In 2021, the Commission adopted a delegated regulation and, in order to amend and supplement it, in 2022 Delegated Regulation 2022/1214 was adopted, amending the previous Delegated Regulation 2021/2139. The new regulation also includes nuclear energy and natural gas as transitional activities in the EU taxonomy, i.e., in the classification system for individual economic activities contributing to the climate and energy objectives. The Commission considers that nuclear energy contributes to decarbonisation and that natural gas is also less polluting than fossil fuels. This will help us to meet our targets and become climate neutral by 2050. As expected, EU countries reacted with different views. Austria has already brought an action to have the delegated act repealed. We can see that politics has a great influence on decision-making and on determining certain things. Slovenia, as an EU MS, is adopting all EU legal acts into its legal system. In the field of energy, we have also had to take a step forward and include a greater use of RES. The most important law is the ZSROVE, which regulates RES in Slovenia. We also have a similar definition as in EU law