‘Show, Don’t Tell’: How to Make Jurors Angry as a Young Athenian Prosecutor

It is now well established that direct anger (ὀργή) appeals were a common feature of public prosecution speeches at classical Athens. However, there are a small number of speeches which depart from this norm and invite questions as to whether the evocation of dicastic anger was an essential goal or simply a popular strategic option. This paper explores the implications of the former possibility by focusing on one speech in particular, pseudo-Demosthenes’ Against Theocrines. It argues that the prosecutor’s youth is the primary reason behind his abandoning of anger appeals. He chooses, instead, to prioritise ensuring that his character conforms to the expectations of the jurors, including the avoidance of instruction as to what ought to make them angry. Though they are not told to be angry, the jurors are nevertheless shown what has made them angry in the past – the maltreatment of the young and vulnerable through the manipulation of public-serving citizens such as themselves – while the speaker’s presentation of himself as a victim of such treatment serves as the necessary provocation