In the mediterranean regions, the relationship between breeders and farmers are determined by ecological conditions : hence the limits of each group. But inside the cultivated area these relations are much more complex. On the one hand, between cereal growers and transhumant shepherds, and on the other hand inside the farm itself. This traditional picture began to change after 1950 and very different types of situations can be found to-day. This article examines particularly in this respect the cases of Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Greece, Albania, Spain and Portugal, and ends on a critical analysis of the F.A.O's 1955 prévisions.Dans les régions méditerranéennes, les rapports entre éleveurs et cultivateurs sont traditionnellement commandés p...