Transcriptome Analysis Methods: From the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression and Microarray to Sequencing new Generation Methods

Up-to-date research in biology, biotechnology, and medicine requires fast genome and transcriptome analysis technologies to investigate cellular state, physiology, and activity. Gene expression is the process of generating messenger RNA copies of a gene. The transcriptome, which contains the mRNA of the cell, reflects the cell's overall gene expression pattern. Understanding the nature and frequency of each RNA molecule in a given cell under certain circumstances is necessary to examine the transcriptome. Microarray and serial analysis of gene expression are two primary techniques researchers use in transcriptome studies. Here, microarray technology and next-generation sequencing of transcripts are states of the art. Since microarray technology is limited to RNA, quantifying transcript levels and sequence information, RNA-Seq provides nearly unlimited possibilities in modern bioanalysis. Sequencing of RNA, or RNA-Seq, is now a standard method to analyze gene expression and uncover novel RNA species. In addition, aspects of RNA biogenesis and metabolism can be interrogated with specialized techniques for cDNA library preparation. The present study will introduce and compare new high-performance methods used in examining the transcriptome. This also presents a detailed description of next-generation sequencing, describes the impact of this technology on transcriptome analysis, and explains its possibilities to explore the modern RNA world