The Proto-Germanic N-Stems A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology

The n -stems are an intriguing part of Proto-Germanic morphology. Unlike any other noun class, the n -stems have roots that are characterized by systematic consonant and vowel alternations across the different Germanic dialects. This monograph represents a diachronic investigation of this root variation. It traces back the Germanic n -stems to their Indo-European origin, and clarifies their formal characteristics by an interaction of sound law and analogy. This book therefore is not just an attempt to account for the typology of the Germanic n -stems, but also a case study of the impact that sound change may have on the evolution of morphology and derivation.Intro -- The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology -- Table of contents -- PREFACE -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- Language abbreviations -- Linguistic abbreviations -- Logical symbols -- PRELIMINARY REMARKS -- The Germanic linguistic sources -- Normalization and orthography -- Presentation of the evidence -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE INFLECTION OF THE N-STEMS -- 2.1 The Indo-European n-stems -- 2.1.1 The amphikinetic type -- 2.1.2 The hysterokinetic type -- 2.1.3 The proterokinetic type -- 2.2 Origins of the inflectional types -- 2.3 The Proto-Germanic n-stems -- 2.3.1 The masculine n-stems -- 2.3.2 The feminine n-stems -- 2.3.3 The neuter n- stems -- 3 THE PROTO-GERMANIC GEMINATES -- 3.1 Kluge's law -- 3.2 Shortening in over-long syllables -- 3.3 Exceptions to Kluge's law -- 3.3.1 No gemination of voiceless fricatives -- 3.3.2 No gemination of sibilants -- 3.4 Different configurations of Kluge's law -- 3.4.1 Kluge's traditional configuration -- 3.4.2 Lühr: Verdoppelung rather than assimilation -- 3.4.3 A glottalic approach by Kortlandt -- 4 KLUGE'S LAW AND THE N-STEMS -- 4.1 Gemination as grammatischer Wechsel -- 4.2 Reconstruction of the n-stem paradigm -- 4.2.1 Paradigmatic split-offs -- 4.2.2 Special cases -- 4.2.3 Evaluation -- 4.3 Paradigmatic analogy -- 4.3.1 Kluge's Associationen -- 4.3.2 Reception of Kluge's Associationen -- 4.3.3 From allomorphy to consonant gradation -- 4.3.4 Dating the rise of consonant gradation -- 4.3.5 Gemination of *n -- 5 KLUGE'S LAW AND THE DIRECTIONALS -- 5.1 The Germanic directional system -- 5.2 The Pre-Germanic situation -- 5.3 On the full grade of Go. iup -- 6 CONSONANT GRADATION IN THE VERB -- 6.1 Evidence for Osthoff's hypothesis -- 6.1.1 Internal reconstruction -- 6.1.2 The origin of the zero grade -- 6.1.3 Direct correspondences -- 6.1.4 The iterative aspect6.1.5 The "problem" of the inchoative verbs -- 6.1.6 An alternative hypothesis by Lühr -- 6.2 The iterative system -- 6.3 Evidence for de-iterativization -- 6.4 De-iterativization in Gothic -- 6.5 The rise of PGm. *ū as a full-grade marker -- 7 A LIFE WITHOUT KLUGE'S LAW? -- 7.1 The Expressivity Theory -- 7.2 Evaluation of the argumentation -- 7.2.1 No evidence for Kluge's law? -- 7.2.2 Expressive gemination vs analogical singulation -- 7.3 The Leiden Substrate Theory -- 7.3.1 The "Language of the Geminates" -- 7.3.2 7.3.2 Hamartia in Germanic Studies -- 8 ROOT ABLAUT IN THE N-STEMS -- 8.1 Kauffmann and nominal ablaut -- 8.2 The ablaut types -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Ablaut betrayed by Kluge's Associationen -- 8.3.2 Resolution of the Schwebeablaut -- 8.3.3 Over-long syllables in Upper German -- 8.4 Reconstructing the ablauting paradigm -- 9 THE EVIDENCE -- 9.1 The *e ~ *u type -- *belkō, *bulkkaz 'beam' -- *brezdō, *burzdeni 'edge, board' -- *dimbō, *dumppaz 'haze'† -- *drenō, *durraz 'drone' -- *elm, *ulmaz 'elm (tree)' -- *eudur, *ūdraz 'udder' -- *finkō, *funkkaz 'spark'† -- *greubō, *gruppaz 'pot' -- *helm, *hulmaz 'blade, cane, reed'? -- *hemō, *humnaz 'heaven' -- *hersō, *hurznaz 'brain'? -- *hnekkō, *hnukkaz 'neck' -- *hnellō, *hnullaz 'nape, crest' -- *hrēhō, *hrugeni 'fish roe'? -- *kelkō, *kulkkaz 'jaw, throat -- *kernō, *kurnaz 'grain'? -- *keudō, *kuttaz 'bag' -- *klewō, *klunaz 'clew' -- *klimbō, *klumppaz 'lump, hillock'† -- *krebō, *kurppaz 'basket' -- *leuhmō, *l(a)uhmenaz 'flash' -- *melhmō, *mulhnaz 'cloud'? -- *melm, *mulmaz 'sand'? -- *rehhō, *ruhhaz 'ray'? -- *reumō, ?*rūmmaz 'skin, cream -- *skinkō, *skunkkaz 'shank' -- *sterō, *sturraz 'infertile animal'? -- *telgō, *tulkkaz 'twig' -- *timbō, *tumppaz 'stub' -- *wekō, *wukkaz 'wick'? -- 9.2 The *e ~ *a type -- *eulō / *aulō 'hollow stalk' -- *fesō, *faznaz 'fiber'†*hesō, *haznaz 'hare' -- *kekō, *kaweni 'jaw'? -- 9.3 The *a ~ *u type -- *barsō, *burznaz 'perch'? -- *brahsmō, *bruhs(m)naz 'bream -- *dabō, *duppaz 'puddle'? -- *galdō, *gult'az 'gelding' -- *laþō, *luttaz 'shoot' -- *maþō, *muttaz 'moth' -- *raþō, *ruttaz 'rat' -- *swambō, *sumppaz 'sponge, mushroom'? -- *tadō, *tuttaz 'tuft'? -- 9.4 The *Ī~ *i type -- *bĪō, *binaz 'bee' -- *gĪmō, *gim(e)naz 'open space'? -- *hrĪþō,*hrittaz 'fever' -- *kĪbō, *kippaz 'basket -- *klĪþō, *klittaz 'burdock, tangle, clay' -- *rĪhō, *rikkaz 'stringing pole, line' -- *sĪlō, *sillaz 'strap, horse harness'† -- *skĪō, *skinaz 'shinbone' -- *skĪmō, *skimenaz 'shine'† -- *snĪbō, *snippaz 'pointy nose, snipe'? -- *strĪmō, *strimenaz 'stripe, streak'? -- *swĪmō, *swimenaz 'dizziness'† -- *swĪrō, *swirraz 'neck, mooring-mast' -- *tĪgō,*tikkaz 'tick' -- *twĪgō, *twikkaz 'twig'? -- *wĪō, *wiwaz 'kite' -- *wrĪhō, *wrigeni 'instep' -- 9.5 The*ai ~ *Ĩ type -- *aikwernō / *īkwernō 'squirrel' -- *h(r)aigrō / *higrō 'heron' -- 9.6 The *ū ~ *u type -- *hrūhō, *hrukkaz 'pile' -- *hūfō, *huppaz 'heap'? -- *klūþō, *kluttaz 'clot'? -- *krūmō, *krumenaz 'crumb'? -- *kūþō, *kuttaz 'tuft' -- *mūhō, *mukkaz 'bunch'972 -- *mūhō, *mukkaz 'chunk' -- *pūþō, *puttaz 'pout'? -- *rūbō, *ruppaz 'caterpillar -- *skūbō, *skuppaz 'brush' -- *stūfō, *stuppaz 'stub'† -- *þūmō, *þumenaz 'thumb' -- *stūfō, *stuppaz 'stub'† -- *pstūfō, *stuppaz 'stub'† -- *stūfō, *stuppaz 'stub'† -- *sprūtō, *spruttaz 'sprout'† -- *strūpō, *struppaz 'throat'† -- *strūtō / *þrūtō, *struttaz / *þruttaz 'throat'? -- 9.7 The *ū ~ *u ~ *a type -- *knūbō, knuppaz 'knob' -- *knūþō, *knuttaz 'knot' -- *knūsū, *knuzzaz 'gnarl' -- 9.8 The *ō ~ *a type -- *gōmō, *ga(w)umnaz 'palate'? -- *hōdō, *hattaz 'hood'† -- *kōkō, *kakkaz 'cake'† -- *krōn, *kranaz 'crane'† -- *lōfō, *lappaz 'palm of the hand' -- *mōhō, mh*mageni 'poppy'*slōgō, *slakkaz 'sludge'† -- *skōgō, *skakkaz 'tip, brush'† -- *hōdō, *hattaz 'hood'† -- 9.9 The *ō ~ *ǚ type -- *fōr, *funaz 'fire' -- *krōhō, *krūkkaz 'jug'? -- *sōl, *sunnaz 'sun' -- 9.10 The *ē ~ *a type -- *dēbō, *dappaz 'paw'? -- *hēhō, *hakkaz 'hook'? -- *krēbō, *krappaz 'hook'? -- *krēgō, *krakkaz 'crook'? -- *snēgō, *snakkaz 'snake'? -- 10 PSEUDO-ABLAUT -- 10.1 Upper German -- *kredō, *krattaz 'basket'† -- *tebō, *tappaz 'tuft, knot, peg'† -- *skredō, *skrattaz 'demon'† -- *kredō, *kruttaz 'toad'† -- 10.2 West Norse -- *hnetō, *hnuttaz 'nut'† -- 11 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- 11.1 Summary -- 11.2 Outlook -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Abbreviations -- References -- INDEX OF CITED FORMSThe n -stems are an intriguing part of Proto-Germanic morphology. Unlike any other noun class, the n -stems have roots that are characterized by systematic consonant and vowel alternations across the different Germanic dialects. This monograph represents a diachronic investigation of this root variation. It traces back the Germanic n -stems to their Indo-European origin, and clarifies their formal characteristics by an interaction of sound law and analogy. This book therefore is not just an attempt to account for the typology of the Germanic n -stems, but also a case study of the impact that sound change may have on the evolution of morphology and derivation.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries