A video watermarking against geometrical distortions

A video watermarking with robustness against frame's geometrical distortions (rotation, aspect ratio, scaling, translation shearing, and bending) is proposed. The watermark information is embedded into pixels along the temporal axis within a Watermark minimum segment (WMS). Since the geometrical distortions operations for every frame along the time axis in a video sequence are the same at a very short interval, the watermark information can be detected from watermarked frames in each WMS subjected to the distortions. Furthermore, adaptive embedding method is proposed for gaining a good quality of the watermarked video. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is robust against common attacks such as rotation, aspect ratio, scaling, translation shearing, and bending of frames, MPEG-2 lossy compression, and color-space conversion