Presenting route instructions on mobile devices

In this paper, we evaluate several means of presenting route instructions to a mobile user. Starting from an abstract language- independent description of a route segment, we show how to generate various presentations for a mobile device ranging from spoken instructions to 3D visualizations. We then examine the relationship between the quality of positional information, available resources and the different types of presentations. The paper concludes with guidelines that help to determine which presentation to choose for a given situation