An improved single probe method for sap flow measurements using finite heating duration

Because of its low cost and simple fabrication, it is easy to advocate for the single probe method as a method of choice in sap flow studies. An improved single probe method with finite heating duration (F-SPHP) is verified both in cut stem segments and in the field using mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees. The F-SPHP method is based on an analytical solution of the partial differential equation for combined heat conduction and convection, which shows large relative sensitivity to thermal conductivity (K). The F-SPHP method is able to measure sap flux densities (SFD) between 2 and 36 cm(3) cm(-2) h(-1) (heat pulse velocity (V-h): 3-60 cm h(-1)) in the cut stem egment experiment. This is an improvement compared to the instantaneous single probe heat pulse (I-SPHP) method which cannot accurately measure low (V-h < 20 cm h(-1)) sap flow. Sapflow+ (a four-needle heat pulse method) is used for field validation, and when compared with gravimetric measurements, slopes of 0.853 and 0.730 are obtained for F-SPHP and Sapflow+, respectively. Patterns measured with F-SPHP and Sapflow+ in mature beech trees in the forest are similar at all measurement positions and temperature correction is needed for both methods when natural temperature gradients are steep. Compared with multi-probe methods, the single probe method with finite heating duration has the advantage of causing less damage to conductive tissue.Because of its low cost and simple fabrication, it is easy to advocate for the single probe method as a method of choice in sap flow studies. An improved single probe method with finite heating duration (F-SPHP) is verified both in cut stem segments and in the field using mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees. The F-SPHP method is based on an analytical solution of the partial differential equation for combined heat conduction and convection, which shows large relative sensitivity to thermal conductivity (K). The F-SPHP method is able to measure sap flux densities (SFD) between 2 and 36 cm(3) cm(-2) h(-1) (heat pulse velocity (V-h): 3-60 cm h(-1)) in the cut stem egment experiment. This is an improvement compared to the instantaneous single probe heat pulse (I-SPHP) method which cannot accurately measure low (V-h < 20 cm h(-1)) sap flow. Sapflow+ (a four-needle heat pulse method) is used for field validation, and when compared with gravimetric measurements, slopes of 0.853 and 0.730 are obtained for F-SPHP and Sapflow+, respectively. Patterns measured with F-SPHP and Sapflow+ in mature beech trees in the forest are similar at all measurement positions and temperature correction is needed for both methods when natural temperature gradients are steep. Compared with multi-probe methods, the single probe method with finite heating duration has the advantage of causing less damage to conductive tissue.A