Representations of space and time /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 325-365) and index.Geographic Categories 77 -- Schema: The Link between Percepts and Concepts 81 -- Summary 91 -- Chapter 5 -- Acquiring World Knowledge through Direct Experience -- Sensory Information and Cognition 93 -- Ordinary Seeing: Vision and Visual Perception 94 -- The Perceptual Cycle 102 -- Touching and Hearing 104 -- The Senses as a Unitary Source of Spatial Information for Cognition 106 -- Consideration of Different Spaces and Scales 112 -- J. Gibson's and Marrs Theories Extended 113 -- Interpretation and Recognition: A Process of Cooperative Cognition 115 -- Chapter 6 -- From Observation to Understanding -- Beyond Mere Observation 117 -- Imagery as a Means of Understanding 117 -- The Use of Metaphor in Understanding 123 -- How We Make the Connections 126 -- Myth, Science, and the Imagination 133 -- A Metaphoical Speculation 136 -- Chapter 7 -- Acquiring Geographic Knowledge through Indirect Experience -- Nonsensory Knowledge Sources 140 -- How Graphic Images Convey Spatial Knowledge 141 --^Geographic Data Models Based on Cognitive Structure 273 -- The Bigger Picture 278 -- Summary 281 -- Chapter 13 -- Interacting with Databases -- The Traditional Query Language Approach 282 -- Computer Graphics and Visualization 288 -- Virtual Environments 291 -- Deelopments in Human-Computer Interaction 292 -- Beyond Queries 295 -- Summary 301 -- Chapter 14 -- Issues for Implementing Advanced Geographic Databases -- Extending Capabilities in Representation, Interaction, and -- Learning 303 -- About Time 304 -- Inexactness and Scale Issues 308 -- Formal Ontologies as a Basis for Shared Understanding 311 -- Artificial Creativity? 314 -- The Modeler's Dilemma 318 -- Chapter 15 -- Epilogue: Moving Forward -- References -- Index -- About the Author.Knowledge Discovery in Data-Rich Environments 216 -- Toward a New Perspective 218 -- Chapter 10 -- The Computer as Medium -- The Capabilities of Computers 220 -- The Changing Nature of Accessing Geographic Information 223 -- Challenges of Modern Computer Technology 225 -- Summary 228 -- Chapter 11 -- Storing Geographic Data -- Storing Information in a Computer Context 229 -- Databases, Data Models, and Levels of Representation 231 -- Methods of Data Representation in Database Management -- Systems 234 -- Specialized Representations for Geographic Data: -- The Beginnings 239 -- Vector Models 242 -- Hierarchical Vector Models 246 -- Tessellation Models 247 -- Summary 259 -- Chapter 12 -- A New Perspective for Geographic Database Representation -- The Big Debate: Deeper than Software 262 -- What Are Objects, Anyway? 267 -- The Space-Time Typology Comes Full Circle 270 -- The Discrete View 271 -- The Continuous View 272 -- Integrated Implementations 272 --^The Legacy of Maps and Mapping 144 -- How Maps Convey Knowledge 150 -- The Power of Language 159 -- Language as a Symbolic System 161 -- How Language Conveys Spatial Knowledge 163 -- The Relationship between Language and Cognitive Structure 173 -- Graphics and Language Intertwined 178 -- The Role of Indirect Experience 180 -- Chapter 8 -- How Spatial Knowledge Is Encoded -- Meaning and Understanding 183 -- The Form of Imagery as a Mental Construct 184 -- Properties of Pictorial versus Linguistic Representations 190 -- From Outer to Inner Space: Basic Cognitive Models 193 -- Differing Views within the Mind 194 -- Separation of "What," "Where," and "When" Knowledge 196 -- How "What," "Where," and "When" Are Encoded 202 --PART II -- The Computer as a Tool for Storing and Acquiring Spatial Knowledge -- Chapter 9 -- New Tools, New Opportunities -- Exploring Virtual Worlds 209 -- Computers as Geographic Problem-Solving Tools 211 -- Autonomous Problem Solving: Machines That "Think" 214 --^Machine generated contents note: PART I -- Theories of World Knowledge Representation -- Chapter 2 -- Representation versus Reality -- What Are "Space" and "Time"? 11 -- Views of Space and Time: Ideas from Early Myth to Modern Science 12 -- Space and Time as a Context for Understanding 21 -- Common Threads 28 -- Summary 32 -- Chapter 3 -- Acquiring World Knowledge: The Overall Process -- Understanding the World around Us 34 -- The Nature of the Process 35 -- The Start of the Process: Innate Concepts 40 -- Types of Knowledge 42 -- Types of Knowledge at Geographic Scales 46 -- How Types of Knowledge Relate to Cognitive Representation -- and Levels of Knowing 51 -- Summary 53 -- Chapter 4 -- Storing World Knowledge: Some Elements of Conceptual Structure -- Embodiment of Spatial Knowledge 56 -- Our World View as a Cognitive Map 58 -- Geographic Knowledge as a Multirepresentational and Dynamic System 64 -- Ontology: Elements of Knowing 65 -- Formal Ontologies 67 -- Categories 70 --