The history of conservation policy and practice in Madagascar over the last 30 years shows that the Malagasy government, donors and non - governmental organisations (NGOs) have not been short of bold solutions, with ambitious attempts to involve local communities in resource management as well as expand protected areas. While there have been notable achievements, continued threats to the island’s flora and fauna, as well as the negative impacts that conservation policy has often had on rural livelihoods, show that there is still much to be done. So what are the lessons from the past and the challenges ahead? In this paper I provide a broad overview of recent research in the social sciences on conservation and development in Madagascar. I ar...