Modeling and analysis of magnetic hybridnanoparticle (Au-Al2O3/blood) based drug delivery through abell-shaped occluded artery with Joule heating, viscous dissipationand variable viscosity effects

The present work deals with the impact of hybrid nanoparticles (Au-Al2O3/Blood) on theblood flow pattern through a porous cylindrical artery with bell-shaped stenosis in the presence of an external magnetic field, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation by considering twodimensional pulsatile blood flow. The temperature-dependent viscosity model is utilized in thismodel. The blood flow is assumed to be unsteady, laminar, viscous, and incompressible. Themild stenotic presumption normalizes and reduces the bi-directional flow to uni-directional.The Crank-Nicolson scheme is applied to solve the continuity, momentum, and energy equations with appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The acquired results of the work are presented graphically. They have been examined for several values of the dimensionless parameters such as Magnetic number (M2), Darcy number (Da), Grashof number (Gr), viscosityparameter (β0), Reynolds number (Re), Eckert Number (Ec), Prandtl number (Pr), differentconcentration of both the nanoparticles (φ1, φ2), and pressure gradient parameter (B1). Thevelocity contours for different emerging parameters have been drawn to analyze the overall behavior of blood flow patterns. The non-dimensional velocity profile enhances with incrementin values of Da, implying that the medium’s permeability provides less barrier to flow. Thecumulative impact of Joule Heating and viscous dissipation are discussed. It demonstrates thatincreasing viscous dissipation (Ec) and Joule heating (M2) parameter simultaneously raise thenanofluid temperature since the mechanical energy is transformed to thermal energy withinmolecules, which causes a hike in temperature. The findings reveal that hybrid nanoparticles(Au-Al2O3/blood) effectively reduce hemodynamic variables such as wall shear stress andresistance impedance. Results indicate that nanoparticles may be helpful to keep the bloodvelocity under control and allow the surgeons to adjust it as and when required. The presentwork aims to get insight into the treatment of atherosclerosis without surgery, lower medicalcosts, and reduce post-surgical complications. Also, it has broad implications in treating various conditions, including cancers, infections, and the removal of blood clots. The currentfindings are consistent with recent findings in earlier blood flow research studies