Synthesis and characterization of polymers containing oligothiophenes

In the present work a series of thiophene oligomers of three and six thiophene units were synthesized, starting from thiophene, and characterized. Polymers containing these electroative side groups were then prepared by two strategies. The oligomers were attached to existing polymer systems and were connected to a polymerizable unit leading to monomer containing the oligothiophenes as side groups. Subsequently the properties of the monomers and the polymers were investigated. A butylcellulose derivative carrying terthienyl side chains (BCTTE, 26) was synthesized starting from cellulose acetate and 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27-terthiophene (4). The polymer had a degree of substitution (DS) of the butyl and terthienyl side chains of DSbutyl = 1.9 and DSterth = 0.35, respectively. It was successfully spread on a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) trough and then transferred to several solid substrates. X-rays reflectometry showed an ordered architecture of the cellulose backbones. However, the terthiophene side groups were found as isotropically aligned by polarized UV-Vis spectroscopy. When used as anode material in the electropolymerization of 3-pentylthiophene (28), polythiophene was grafted onto the cellulose backbone through the terthienyl side groups. The polythiophene chains showed an average anisotropic alignment of 20 % along the LB dipping direction, calculated by means of polarized UV-Vis spectroscopy. A second butylcellulose derivative carrying sexithienyl side chains (BCST) was synthesized and investigated, starting from butylcellulose and 2-[b \u27, b \u27\u27-dipentyl-5\u27\u27\u27-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2\u27: 5\u27,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27\u27-sexithiophen-5-yl]-ethyl p-toluensulfonate (7). The polymer showed formation of stable LB monolayers at the air-water interface, but its transfer onto solid substrates was not successful. A poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene) bearing sexithienyl side chains (BzAcST, 31) was prepared by reaction of the two monomers 2-[b \u27, b \u27\u27-dipentyl-5\u27\u27\u27-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2\u27: 5\u27,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27\u27-sexithiophen-5-yl]-ethyl 2,5-diiodobenzoate (15) and 2-[b\u27, b \u27\u27-dipentyl-5\u27\u27\u27-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27\u27-sexithiophen-5-yl]-ethyl 2,5-diethynylbenzoate (18). The polymer was obtained as insoluble product. Upon oxidation with FeCl3 (doping) of the polymer suspension, BzAcST showed an electrical conductivity of ó = 2.5 . 10 -6 S/cm, a typical value for semiconductors. The IR spectrum of the doped polymer presented the diagnostic bands of oxidized sexithiophene in good agreement with literature results. Along with the monomer and polymer synthesis, an a,a \u27-disubstituted sexithiophene, b \u27, b \u27\u27-dipentyl-5,5\u27\u27\u27-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27\u27-sexithiophene (6a),was synthesized and characterized. The UV-Vis absorption of the chromophore wasinvestigated as a function of temperature and different solvents, showing a blue-shift of the absorption maximum with increasing temperature and a red-shift changing the solvent from hexane to ethanol to toluene. Monitoring the change of the UV-Vis spectrum upon electrochemical oxidation, the oxidized chromophore showed a new broad absorption band, red shifted with respect to the p -p* transition of the neutral state. Upon reduction, the new band disappeared and the UV-Vis spectrum of the chromophore was restored. Such oxidation-reduction cycles were totally reversible. This feature, together with the absorption maximum falling in the visible region, makes this chromophore a suitable compound for the development of an electrochemical sensor.Attempts to polymerize acrylic monomers carrying sexythienyl side chains both via radical polymerization, as in the case of 2-[b \u27, b \u27\u27-dipentyl-5\u27\u27\u27-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2\u27: 5\u27,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27\u27-sexithiophen-5-yl]-ethyl acrylate (8), and anionic polymerization, as in the case of 2-{b \u27, b \u27\u27-dipentyl-5\u27\u27\u27-[2-(tertbutyldimethylsiloxy)ethyl]-2,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27:5\u27,2\u27\u27:5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27: 5\u27\u27,2\u27\u27\u27 -sexithiophen-5-yl}-ethylacrylate (29), were not successful, probably due to the steric hindrance of the oligothiophene side group. However, due to the time consuming and therefore restricted availability of the monomers, a screening of the polymerization conditions towards the formation of polymeric material was not possible