Phytosterols in cancer : From molecular mechanisms to preventive and therapeutic potentials

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Compelling evidence supports the hypothesis that 2 the manipulation of dietary components, including plant compounds termed phytochemicals, 3 demonstrates certain important health benefits in humans, including those in cancer. In fact, beyond their 4 well-known cardiovascular applications, phytosterols may also possess anticancer properties, as has been 5 demonstrated by several studies. Although the mechanism of action by which phytosterols (and 6 derivatives) may prevent cancer development is still under investigation, data from multiple experimental 7 studies support the hypothesis that they may modulate proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. 8 Phytosterols are generally considered safe for human consumption and may also be added to a broad 9 spectrum of food matrices; further, they could be used in primary and secondary prevention. However, 10 few interventional studies have evaluated the relationship between the efficacy of different types and 11 forms of phytosterols in cancer prevention. In this context, the purpose of this review was to revisit and 12 update the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer action of 13 phytosterols and their potential in cancer prevention or treatmen