Monte-Carlo techniques for radiotherapy applications II: Equipment and source modelling, dose calculations and radiobiology

Introduction: This is the second of two papers giving an overview of the use of Monte-Carlo techniques for radiotherapy applications. Methods: The first paper gave an introduction and introduced some of the codes that are available to the user wishing to model the different aspects of radiotherapy treatment. It also aims to serve as a useful companion to a curated collection of papers on Monte-Carlo that have been published in this journal. Results and Conclusions: This paper focuses on the application of Monte-Carlo to specific problems in radiotherapy. These include radiotherapy and imaging beam production, brachytherapy, phantom and patient dosimetry, detector modelling and track structure calculations for micro-dosimetry, nano-dosimetry and radiobiology.