Spontaneous Prophage Induction Contributes to the Production of Membrane Vesicles by the Gram-Positive Bacterium Lacticaseibacillus casei BL23

The last few decades have demonstrated that membrane vesicles (MVs) produced by microorganisms can have a wide variety of functions. This diversity places MVs at the crossroads of major research topics in current microbiology such as antibiotic resistance, horizontal gene transfer, cell communication, biofilm development, bacteriophage resistance, and pathogenesis