Contour-feather moult of Bar-tailed Godwits (<i>Limosa lapponica baueri</i>) in New Zealand and the northern hemisphere reveals multiple strategies by sex and breeding region

The extreme long-distance migration of Alaskan breeding Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica baueri) may present severe constraints on annual moult, and high individual variation in plumage and migration timing suggests that multiple strategies by sex and breeding region may exist. We used digital photography of free-living Bar-tailed Godwits to describe the timing and extent of pre-basic and pre-breeding contour-feather moults in New Zealand, and used plumage of breeding birds in Alaska to infer the proportion of moults occurring in Alaska and Asia. These data demonstrated that: (1) Godwits conducted overlapping pre-alternate and pre-supplemental moults; (2) pre-basic and pre-breeding moults were scheduled differently in relation to southbound and northbound migration respectively; (3) northern and southern Alaskan breeding Godwits of each sex were distinguishable by plumage differences throughout the non-breeding season; and (4) males and northern breeders achieved more extensive breeding plumage by spending longer in pre-breeding moult in New Zealand, rather than through faster moult rates or greater investment in moult during migratory stopover in Asia. The existence of a ventral pre-supplemental moult implies that contemporary selection for red breeding plumage overrides older selection for barred alternate plumage. Our use of individual-based data revealed a continuum of annual moult strategies within the population, which may reflect individual differences in any combination of sex, size, migration distance or breeding location. Even within the highly constrained annual cycle of extreme long-distance migrants, differential selection influences how individuals manage trade-offs among non-breeding activities such as moult, fuelling and migration