Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with variation in antigen levels in the environment. We studied lark species (Alaudidae) in the Arabian Desert and temperate Netherlands to test opposing predictions from these two hypotheses. Based on their slower pace of life, the trade-off hypothesis predicts relatively stronger immune defenses in desert larks compared with temperate larks. However, as predicted by the antigen exposure hypothesis, reduced microbial abundances in deserts should result in desert-living larks having relatively weaker immune defenses. We quantified host-independent and host-dependent microbial abundances of culturable microbes in ambient air and from the surfaces ...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Immune defense may vary as a result of trade-offs with other life-history traits or in parallel with...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Documenting patterns in immune function is a first step to understanding immune variation, but to co...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...
Investment in immune defences is predicted to covary with a variety of ecologically and evolutionari...