This thesis is about biomineralisation, the process by which living beings manage to direct the precipitation of minerals present in their environment to make materials useful for the survival of the species in question. Biomineralization is an extremely complex phenomenon involving genetic regulation and the involvement of proteins to trigger mineralization at specific locations. It happens however that it escapes the control of the living organism, then leading to various pathologies. This is the case, for example, when calcifications called kidney stones are formed inside the kidneys. From a certain size, a renal calculus becomes pathological and requires hospital care. The pathology is commonly called urolithiasis. It is established tha...