Melatonin attenuates the detrimental effects of UVA irradiation in human dermal fibroblasts by suppressing oxidative damage and MAPK/AP-1 signal pathway in vitro

Background People living in Mediterranean countries are mostly exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation that damages skin and results in photoaging which involves activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and downstream signal transduction through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in fibroblasts. Generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species by UV radiation is also critical for EGFR and MAPKs activation. MAPKs are responsible for activation of AP-1 subunits in the nucleus which induce matrix metalloproteinases. Melatonin, along with its metabolites, are known to be the most effective free radical scavenger and protective agent due to its ability to react with various radicals, lipophilic/hydrophilic structures. Objectives In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on UVA-irradiated primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) by following the alteration of molecules from cell membrane to the nucleus and oxidative/nitrosative damage status of the cells in a time-dependent manner which have not been clearly elucidated yet. Methods To mimic UVA dosage in Mediterranean countries, HDFs were exposed to UVA with sub-cytotoxic dosage (20 J/cm(2)) after pretreatment with melatonin (1 mu mol/L) for 1 hour. Changes in the activation of the molecules and oxidative/nitrosative stress damage were analyzed at different time points. Results Our results clearly show that melatonin decreases UVA-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress damage in HDFs. It also suppresses phosphorylation of EGFR, activation of MAPK/AP-1 signal transduction pathway and production of matrix metalloproteinases in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion Melatonin can be used as a protective agent for skin damage against intracellular detrimental effects of relatively high dosage of UVA irradiation